Ferrous fumarate, also known as Iron(II) fumarate, is the iron(II) salt of fumaric acid, occurring as a reddish-orange powder, used to supplement iron intake. It has the chemical formula C4H2FeO4. Pure ferrous fumarate has an iron content of 32.87%, therefore one tablet of 300 mg iron fumarate will contain 98.6 mg of iron (548% Daily Value based on 18 mg RDI). The CAS NO is 141-01-5.

Ferrous fumarate is a type of iron. You normally get iron from the foods you eat. In your body, iron becomes a part of your hemoglobin (HEEM o glo bin) and myoglobin (MY o glo bin). Hemoglobin carries oxygen through your blood to tissues and organs. Myoglobin helps your muscle cells store oxygen.

Ferrous fumarate(CAS NO:141-01-5) is used to treat iron deficiency anemia (a lack of red blood cells caused by having too little iron in the body). Ferrous fumarate may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.

So,how to use ferrous fumarate oral, is there something should be careful? 

1.Follow all directions on the product package, or take as directed by your doctor. Do not take more than the recommended dosage. If you are uncertain about any of the information, consult your doctor or pharmacist.

2.Ferrous fumarate oral is best taken on an empty stomach 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals. Take with a full glass of water (8 ounces or 240 milliliters) unless your doctor directs you otherwise. If stomach upset occurs, you may take this medication with food. Avoid taking antacids, dairy products, tea, or coffee within 2 hours before or after this medication because they will decrease its effectiveness. Do not lie down for 10 minutes after taking this medication.

3.Swallow extended-release capsules whole. Do not crush or chew extended-release capsules or tablets. Doing so can release all of the drug at once, increasing the risk of side effects. Also, do not split extended-release tablets unless they have a score line and your doctor or pharmacist tells you to do so. Swallow the whole or split tablet without crushing or chewing.

4. If you are taking chewable tablets, chew the medication thoroughly, then swallow.

5.If you have a liquid form, carefully measure out your dose using a medication-measuring device, mix ferrous fumarate oral in a glass of water or juice, and drink the mixture through a straw to prevent staining the teeth. If your liquid form is to be given by dropper, the dose may be placed well back on the tongue and followed with water or juice. If your liquid form is a suspension, shake the bottle well before each dose.

Take ferrous fumarate oral regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, take ferrous fumarate oral at the same time(s) each day.

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4-Bromotoluene has the Synonyms of 1-Brom-4-methylbenzol; 1-bromo-4-methyl-benzen; 1-Methyl-4-bromobenzene;4-Bromo-1-methybezene;4-bromo-toluen;4-Bromtoluol;4-Methylbromobenzene; 1-Bromo-4-methylbenzene; 4-Tolyl bromide; 4-Methylbromobenzene; p-Methylphenyl bromide. With the CAS NO.106-38-7, it has the Molecular Formula of C7H7Br and the Molecular Weight of 171.03448. It is producted by diazotizing and swapping paratoluidine.It is used in the field of organic synthesis. 

Application of 4-Bromotoluene(CAS NO:106-38-7):

When substituted benzene molecules undergo electrophilic substitution reactions, substituents on a benzene ring can influence the reactivity. Activating substituents that activate the benzene ring toward electrophilic attack can alter the reaction rate or products by electronically or sterically affecting the interaction of the two reactants. deactivating substituents removes electron density from the benzene ring, making electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions slower and more difficult than benzene itself. 

For example, a hydroxy or methoxy substituent in phenol and anisole increases the rate of electrophilic substitution, while a nitro substituent decreases the ring's reactivity. Electron donating substituents activate the benzene ring toward electrophilic attack, and electron withdrawing substituents deactivate the ring, making it less reactive to electrophilic attack. The strongest activating substituents are the amino (-NH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups.

Toluene, aniline and phenol are activated aromatic compounds. Examples of deactivated aromatic compounds are nitrobenzene, benzaldehyde and halogenated benzenes.

Activating substituents generally direct substitution to the ortho and para positions where substitutions must take place. With some exceptions, deactivating substituents direct to the meta position. Deactivating substituents which orient ortho and para- positions are the halogens (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I) and -CH2Cl, and -CH=CHNO2

When disubstituted benzene molecules undergo electrophilic substitution reactions, a new substituent is directed depends on the orientation of the existing substituents and their individual effects; whether the groups have cooperative or antagonistic directing effects. Ortho position is the most reactive towards electrophile due to the highest electron density ortho positions. But this increased reactivity is countervailed by steric hindrance between substituent and electrophile.

A nucleophilic substitution is a substitution reaction which the nucleophile displaces a good leaving group, such as a halide on an aromatic ring. This mechanism is called SNAr ( the two-step addition-elimination mechanism), where electron withdrawing substituents activate the ring towards nucleophilic attack. Addition-elimination reactions usually occur at sp2 or sp hybridized carbon atoms, in contrast to SN1 and SN2 at sp3. Chloro and bromobenzene reacts with the very strong base sodium amide (NaNH2) to give good yields of aniline. Other nucleophilic aromatic substitution mechanisms include benzyne mechanism and free radical (SRN1) mechanism.

Common reactions of substituent groups on benzene ring include:

1.Conversion of halogens into other various substituents

2.Modifying activating substituents

3.Oxidative degradation of alkyl chain

4.Reduction of nitro or carbonyl substituents

5.Reversibility of the aromatic sulfonation reaction

6.4-Bromotoluene is used in manufacturing pharmaceuticals (especially for antihypertensive like losartan, Irbesartan ), pesticides and other organic compounds.

When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:

1. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice;

2. Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions safety data sheet;

3.After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of ... (to be specified by the manufacturer);

4. Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection;

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In some of the above studies, the D-methionine was given as DL-methionine,methionine, or N-acetyl-methionine. These L-methionine analogs seem to have been well tolerated, except that DL-methionine in infant feeds resulted in high tissue concentrations of D-methionine, with unknown consequences . However, no other adverse effects were noted. It has also been shown that intake of D-methionine(CAS NO: 348-67-4), but not L-methionine, caused high excretion of 3-methyl propionate.

In this article, I will show some questions and answers about the studies of D-Methionine, here we go!

Question 1: 

This is an incredibly important time for you and your research partners! As best I recall, after more than a decade of research, you're just about to enter Phase 3 clinical trials for (the amino acid called) D-Methionine? 

Answer 1: 

That's right. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved us for a phase 3 clinical trial, as D-Methionine has demonstrated enormous protective potential with regard to noise-induced hearing loss, drug-induced hearing loss (with regard to platinum-based chemotherapy), as well as aminoglycoside antibiotics (with regard to moderate to severe infections and for treating radiation-induced oral mucositis following radiation treatment for head and neck cancers). D-Methionine also may be beneficial to help reduce other side effects from chemotherapy and radiation cancer treatments.

Question 2: 

But for now, to prevent noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus, you're working with the United States Department of Defense (DOD)? 

Answer 2:

Exactly. It's been a fantastic collaboration, and we work very well together. They have amazingly dedicated people, disciplined processes, and protocols but with unavoidable noise exposures. The opportunity to help our troops with an oral pharmacologic that may help reduce or prevent noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus is so interesting and may prove (in time) to be a significant game changer.

Question 3: 

Absolutely. And as a reminder, Kathy, I believe your group discovered and published that D-Methionine protected against hearing loss caused by cisplatin—which was amazing then, and still seems amazing now. So then, this seems like a good time to ask, what is D-Methionine?

Answer 3:

D-Methionine is a micronutrient found in common foods such as cheese and yogurt—so it's not alien to the human digestive system. It's a component of high quality fermented protein in the diet and it's been studied for decades in both human and animal nutrition studies as well as our previous clinical trials for chemotherapy (i.e., cisplatin) induced hearing loss and radiation induced oral mucositis. I should note one simply cannot take a whole lot of protein and hope to get the same result, that won't work! It would take over 5 pounds of cheese for a single dose of this medicine. Not much fun! Of note, none of the subjects demonstrated side effects greater in the D-Methionine group than in the placebo group when given the same dosing level proposed for this study (100 mg/kg/day). 

Question 4:

And I read that this medicine is a direct and an indirect antioxidant? And can you explain what that means, please?

Answer 4: 

Well, these terms are difficult to conclusively define without getting into the real chemistry, but here's a way to think about it, Direct antioxidants are the common ones everyone is used to hearing about. These are found in berries, such a cranberries, blueberries, and blackberries, and there are other sources of antioxidants, too, such as beans, artichokes, pecans, walnuts, and hazelnuts, too.

These foods provide direct antioxidants and these same direct antioxidants interact with free radicals to interrupt oxidation, so as to preserve healthy molecules. However, indirect antioxidants are those which are produced by (and within) the body. D-Methionine is both! Of course there are all different types of antioxidants and they can act in different ways.

Quwetion 5: 

Fascinating! Okay, and so D-Methionine seems to be a bit of a "wonder drug," so what do you think?

Answer 5:

Well, we're very hopeful. However, the reason we've gone through all of this work for the last decade or more is to be sure that when we come out with a statement, it is scientifically correct and well documented. As you know, Doug, there are just hundreds and thousands of supplements and vitamins and non-FDA approved claims made for lotions, potions and pills for everything from tinnitus to dizziness to hearing loss and bogus cancer cures and so much more! Many of the ads and some claims made in non-FDA approved "treatments" are just ridiculous, unproven and in some cases unconscionable.

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Azamethiphos is an organothiophosphate insecticide. It is a veterinary drug used in Atlantic salmon fish farming to control parasites.

On 23 May 2012 the European Commission adopted a Regulation1 establishing maximum residue limits for azamethiphos in fin fish, valid throughout the European Union. These maximum residue limits were based on the favourable opinion and the assessment report adopted by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use. 

Azamethiphos(CAS NO:35575-96-3) is intended for use in fish farming to control external parasites with an application rate of 0.1 to 0.2 mg/litre as a bath treatment. Fish Vet Group Ltd submitted the application for the extension of maximum residue limits to the European Medicines Agency, on 26 January 2011. 

Based on the available data, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use recommended on 15 September 2012 the establishment of maximum residue limits for azamethiphos in fin fish. Subsequently the Commission recommended on 14 March 2012 that maximum residue limits in fin fish are established. This recommendation was confirmed on 4 April 2012 by the Standing Committee on Veterinary Medicinal Products and adopted by the European Commission on 23 May 2012. 

Azamethiphos(CAS NO:35575-96-3) is an organophosphorus insecticide which acts by inhibition of cholinesterase activity. In Atlantic salmon azamethiphos is used in fish farming to control external parasites with an application rate of 0.1 to 0.2 mg/litre as a bath treatment. 

Azamethiphos was previously used as a pesticidal spray for control of flies and cockroaches in warehouses and other buildings, but the authorisation was withdrawn by Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2076/2002 of 20 November 2002. It was previously assessed by the CVMP and a pharmacological ADI of 0.025 mg/kg bw, i.e. 1.5 mg/person was established. 

Fish Vet Group Limited submitted the application for the extension of maximum residue limits for azamethiphos from Salmonidae to fin fish to the European Medicines Agency on 21 February 2011. Azamethiphos is intended for use in fin fish (e.g. sea bass, sea bream, coy and tilapia) for the treatment of external parasites with an intended application rate for this use of 0.1 to 0.2 mg/litre as a bath treatment. 

Azamethiphos was previously assessed by the CVMP and a pharmacological ADI of 0.025 mg/kg bw, i.e. 1.5 mg/person was established based on the NOEL of 2.5 mg/kg bw/day from a dog study (brain cholinesterase activity) and applying a safety factor of 100. Therefore, no further assessment regarding the consumer safety of the substance is required for the purpose of this extension application. 

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IUPAC Name: 2-aminopropan-1-ol   

Molecular formula: C3H9NO2 

Molecular weight: 75.11 

Physical state: viscose liquid

Appearance: clear and colorless

Boiling range: 173-176 C (760mmHg )

Flash Point: 83.9 C

Density: 0.9650g/cm3 

Enthalpy of Vaporization: 47.83 kJ/mol 

Vapour Pressure: 0.373 mmHg at 25 C 

Storage temp: 2-8 C

Sensitive: Hygroscopic 

CAS NO: 2749-11-3

Stability and activity

Chemical stability:  stable in room temp. and under atmospheric pressure; its color will change with exposure to the air. 

Conditions avoided:  incompatible raw material、fire source, insolation, overheated 

Restrained substances:  air, oxidant, acids. 

Harmful dissociation product:  NO2,CO,CO2,N2,irritative fog and gas.

First aid measures about L-Alaninol(CAS NO.2749-11-3):

Eyes:Get medical aid immediately. Do NOT allow victim to rub eyes or keep eyes closed. Extensive irrigation with water is required (at least 30 minutes).

Skin:Get medical aid immediately. Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Destroy contaminated shoes.

Ingestion:Do not induce vomiting. If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid immediately.

Inhalation:Get medical aid immediately. Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Do not use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. If breathing has ceased apply artificial respiration using oxygen and a suitable mechanical device such as a bag and a mask.

Handing and storage about L-Alaninol:

Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Use only in a well-ventilated area.Empty containers retain product residue, (liquid and/or vapor), and can be dangerous. Keep container tightly closed. Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Do not get on skin or in eyes. Do not ingest or inhale. Handle under an inert atmosphere. Store protected from air. Discard contaminated shoes. Do not pressurize, cut, weld, braze,solder, drill, grind, or expose empty containers to heat, sparks or open flames.

Storage: Keep L-Alaninol away from heat, sparks, and flame. Keep L-Alaninol away from sources of ignition. Keep container closed when not in use. Store L-Alaninol in a tightly closed container. Store it in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances. Corrosives area. Do not expose to air.Store under an inert atmosphere.

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D(+)-Malic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH2CHOHCO2H. It is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive. 

D(+)-Malic acid(CAS NO:636-61-3) has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers), though only the L-isomer exists naturally. The salts and esters of D(+)-Malic acid are known as malates. The malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle.

The only difference between the two is that they rotate the light shining on them in two different directions. L-Malic acid is produced naturally in fruits. 90% of the acid in apples is D(+)-Malic acid(CAS NO:636-61-3). When D(+)-Malic acid is produced synthetically, a mixture of the two isomers is obtained which is called DL-Malic acid (because it contains both D- and L-Malic acid). When you eat DL-Malic acid, your body digests it in just the same way as it does for L-Malic acid. It is part of the Krebs cycle.

D(+)-Malic acid was first isolated from apple juice by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1785. Antoine Lavoisier in 1787 proposed the name acide malique which is derived from the Latin word for apple, mālum. It contributes to the sourness of green apples. It is present in grapes and in most wines with concentrations sometimes as high as 5 g/l. It confers a tart taste to wine, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness. The taste of this chemical is very clear and pure in rhubarb, a plant for which it is the primary flavor.

The process of malolactic fermentation converts D(+)-Malic acid to much milder lactic acid. It  occurs naturally in all fruits and many vegetables, and is generated in fruit metabolism.

D(+)-Malic acid, when added to food products, is denoted by E number E296. It is the source of extreme tartness in USA-produced confectionery, the so-called extreme candy. It is also used with or in place of the less sour citric acid in sour sweets. These sweets are sometimes labeled with a warning stating that excessive consumption can cause irritation of the mouth. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand (where it is listed by its INS number 296).

The addition of D(+)-Malic acid to fruit juice, to increase the acid content for example, is strictly illega l, although the EC permits its addition to wine. The naturally occurring form of D(+)-Malic acid in fruits is the L-enantioner. Synthetically produced this chemical consis ts of the racemic D/L mixture. The much higher cost of the L-enantiomer, which is currently 20 times that of the D/L mixture,discourages its use as an adulterant. Therefore, the measurement of D(+)-Malic acid alone is sufficient to detect the illegal addition of synthetic Malic acid. A sample of orange juice sampled during 1991 and analysed also by the L eatherhead Food RA contained 103 ppm of D(+)-Malic acid (authentic orange juice should not contain any). 

D(+)-Malic acid can be measured spectrophotometrically using the enzymatic method, recently developed by Beutler and Wurst, available also as a test kit from Boehringer Mannheim GmbH. 

A survey carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food in the U.K. in January 1991, co mpared methods for detection of added substances in leading brands of or ange juice, of 17 samples  analysed, 10 contained D(+)-Malic acid , as a consequence of adulteration. 

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Gemcitabine hydrochloride profile

Gemcitabine hydrochloride is used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to treat cancer of the ovaries (cancer that begins in the female reproductive organs where eggs are formed) and breast cancer that has not improved or that has worsened after treatment with other medications. 

Gemcitabine hydrochloride (CAS NO: 122111-03-9) is used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to treat a type of lung cancer (non-small cell lung cancer; NSCLC) that has spread to other parts of the body and cannot be treated with surgery. Gemcitabine hydrochloride is also used to treat cancer of the pancreas that has spread to other parts of the body and has not improved or worsened after treatment with another medication. Gemcitabine hydrochloride is in a class of medications called antimetabolites. It works by slowing or stopping the growth of cancer cells in your body.

Basic usages of Gemcitabine hydrochloride 

Gemcitabine hydrochloride comes as a powder to be mixed with liquid to be injected over 30 minutes intravenously (into a vein) by a doctor or nurse in a medical facility. When Gemcitabine hydrochloride is used to treat ovarian or breast cancer, it is usually given on certain days every 3 weeks. When Gemcitabine hydrochloride is used to treat lung cancer it is usually given on certain days every 3 or 4 weeks. When Gemcitabine hydrochloride is used to treat cancer of pancreas it may be injected once every week. The length of treatment depends on the types of drugs you are taking, how well your body responds to them, and the type of cancer or condition you have. Your doctor may need to stop or delay your treatment if you experience certain side effects.

Ask your pharmacist or doctor for a copy of the manufacturer's information for the patient.

Other usages of Gemcitabine hydrochloride 

Gemcitabine hydrochloride is also sometimes used to treat bladder cancer and cancer of the biliary tract (cancer in the organs and ducts that make and store bile, the liquid made by the liver). Talk to your doctor about the risks of using this medication for your condition.

This medication may be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

Before receiving Gemcitabine hydrochloride

1) Tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to Gemcitabine hydrochloride, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in Gemcitabine hydrochloride. Ask your pharmacist for a list of the ingredients.

2) Tell your doctor and pharmacist what other prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take.

3) Tell your doctor if you drink or have ever drunk large amounts of alcohol or if you have or ever had liver disease, including hepatitis, or kidney disease.

4) Tell your doctor if you have previously received or are currently receiving radiation therapy.

5) Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. If you become pregnant while receiving Gemcitabine hydrochloride, call your doctor. Gemcitabine hydrochloride may harm the fetus.

6) Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding. You should not breast-feed while you are receiving Gemcitabine hydrochloride injection.

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